Teresa+Givhan

Teresa Givhan Anatomy Final

General information about the human body :

There are many parts of the body that are very interesting. The body has their usual parts such as limbs, the neck, torso, and head, but there are more things to the body such as the brain, cells (inner and outer), organs, bones, and did you know by the time your an adult you have a total of 100 trillion cells in your whole body? Then you have the things that goes on in the body such as infections, bacteria, and viruses. Having these things can be harmful but are very normal in the human body. Now one of the most interesting things about the body are our cells. We have three different cells Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes), White Blood ( Leukocytes) Cells, and Platelets (Thrombocytes). The red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell, and 2.4 million new blood cells are produced every second. Red Blood Cells are developed in the bone marrow.

Keeping the body healthy;

==== Ways to keep the body is by **staying active**, **eating healthy**, and **keeping water in your system. Get at least 8 hours of sleep;** creates a more productive day. **Cut down on a lot of salt** ** – ** you do need a bit of salt to survive, but these days we prone to so much of it has become a huge threat to our health. Most of this unneeded salt is in ready meals we buy. So buy fresh ingredients whenever possible and use a salt substitute. ** Get plenty of vitamins ** – they are needed for your heart, your nervous system, your skin. Actually, for just about everything. ==== ==== They are easy to get from having a variety of fruits. ** Avoid vitamin/mineral/protein pills and get what you need from actual, fresh foods  **  – there is absolutely no evidence to support supplement pills having any effect on your health. The only way to make sure you are getting the right things in your diet is by actually consuming the right things.D   o the healthy lifestyle. Avoid smoking, do sports regularly. Because sports can reduce blood pressure, smooth blood circulation, relax your mind, and enables you to sleep well. ====

Digestive System;

Our digestive system are made op of the digestive tract then a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food. Organs that make up the digestive tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine they are also called the colon-rectum, and anus. Inside these hollow organs is a lining called the mucosa. In the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, the mucosa contains tiny glands that produce juices to help digest food.The digestive tract contains a layer of smooth muscle that helps break down food and move it along the tract. The major hormones that control the functions of the digestive system are produced and released by cells in the mucosa of the stomach and small intestine. These hormones are released into the blood of the digestive tract, travel back to the heart and through the arteries, and return to the digestive system where they stimulate digestive juices and cause organ to move. Respiratory System;

The function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory system does this through breathing. When we breathe, we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases is the respiratory system's means of getting oxygen to the blood. Respiration is achieved through the mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm. Oxygen enters the respiratory system through the mouth and the nose. The oxygen then passes through the trachea which is a tube that enters the chest cavity. In the chest cavity, the trachea splits into two smaller tubes called the bronchi.

Each bronchus then divides again forming the bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes lead directly into the lungs where they divide into many smaller tubes which connect to tiny sacs called alveoli. The average adult's lungs contain about 600 million of these spongy, air-filled sacs that are surrounded by capillaries. The diaphragm's job is to help pump the carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull the oxygen into the lungs. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscles that lies across the bottom of the chest cavity. As the diaphragm contracts and relaxes, breathing takes place. When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs.



Cardiovascular System;

 The cardiovascular system is one of the most important systems in your body. It is your body's delivery system for the circulation of blood. It is made up of blood, blood vessels and the heart. Blood flowing away from the heart deliveries oxygen and nutrients to every part of your body through arteries. The arteries are what carries the blood away from your heart to smaller and smaller blood vessels called capillaries. Blood moving back to the heart picks up waste products like a trash truck so that your body can get rid of them. Veins carry the blood back to the heart and it does this against gravity.



Nervous System;

 The nervous system is a very complex system in the body, the system is split up into two different parts; the nervous system and peripheral nervous system.The spinal cord and the brain make up the CNS. Its main job is to get the information from the body and send out instructions. The peripheral nervous system is made up of all of the nerves and the wiring. This system sends the messages from the brain to the rest of the body. The Central Nervous System is effectively the centre of the nervous system, the part of it that processes the information received from the peripheral nervous system. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for receiving and interpreting signals from the peripheral nervous system and also sends out signals to it, either consciously or unconsciously. This information highway called the nervous system consists of many nerve cells, also known as neurons.

 The peripheral nervous system or PNS, is part of the nervous system, and consists of the nerves and neurons that reside or extend outside the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) to serve the limbs and organs. T he PNS is not protected by bone or the blood-brain barrier, leaving it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries.



Muscular System;

The human muscular system is made up of 600 muscles, and also makes up nearly half the weight of the human body, this is why when we train we sometimes put on weight instead of losing it. We put on muscle weight. The muscles provide the forces that enable the body to move. Muscles stretch across joints to link one bone with another and work in groups to respond to nerve impulses. All muscles are made up of the same type of material – a kind of an elastic tissue, akin to what rubber bands are made of. Each muscle is made up of thousands of tiny fibers. There are three kinds of muscles in the human muscular system: the skeletal muscle; the cardiac muscle; and the smooth muscle. Plus, the facial muscles and the tongue are a unique kind by themselves.

There are approximately 640 skeletal muscles in the human body.Skeletal muscle is a form of straited muscle tissue existing under control of the-somatic nervous system. It is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac and smooth muscle. As its name suggests, most skeletal muscles are attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons.Smooth muscle is also found in lymphatic vessels, the urinary bladder, uterus (termed uterine smooth muscle), male and female reproductive tracts,gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, arrector pili of skin, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye. Cardiac muscle is fundamentally an involuntary muscle and is located in the walls of the heart. To be precise, it is located in the myocardium. The myocardium is the layer of the heart between the other two layers, visceral and endocardium. All these three layers are packed with blood vessels.

Skeletal System;

Your Skeletal system is all of the bones in the body and the tissues such as tendons, ligaments and c artilage that connect them. Your teeth are also considered part of your skeletal system but they are not counted as bones. Your teeth are made of enamel and dentin. Enamel is the strongest substance in your body. The main job of the skeleton is to provide support for our body. Without your skeleton your body would collapse into a heap. Your skeleton is strong but light.

Without bones you'd be just a puddle of skin and guts on the floor. Your skeleton also helps protect your internal organs and fragile body tissues. The brain, eyes, heart, lungs and spinal cord are all protected by your skeleton. Your cranium(skull) protects your brain and eyes, the ribs protect your heart and lungs and yourvertebrae (spine, backbones) protect your spinal cord. Joints are very important because they make the hard and rigid skeleton allow different types of movements at different locations. If the skeleton were without joints, no movement would have taken place and the significance of human body; no more than a stone.



 Endocrine System;

 The endocrine system is a organ system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body. The endocrine system is in contrast to exocrine system, which secretes its chemicals using ducts. It derives from the Greek words endo meaning inside, within, and crinis for secrete. The endocrine system is an information signal system like the nervous system, yet its effects and mechanism are classifiably different. The endocrine systems effects are slow to initiate, and prolonged in their response, lasting for hours to weeks. The nervous system sends information very quickly, and responses are generally short lived. Hormones are substances (chemical mediators) released from endocrine tissue into the bloodstream where they travel to target tissue and generate a response.E ndocrine system shares with the nervous system a role for control and coordination throughout the body. The nervous system is mostly thought of as dealing with very short term control. Hormones are molecules that are produced by endocrine glands, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, gonads, thyroid, parathyroid glands, and pancreas. Endocrine means that in response to specific stimuli, the products of those glands are released into the blood stream. The hormones then are carried via the blood to their target cells. The hypothalamus is a small region located within the brain that controls many bodily functions, including eating and drinking, sexual function and behaviors, blood pressure and heart rate, body temperature maintenance, the sleep-wake cycle, and emotional states.

